Peritoneal Mesothelioma - Cause, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Peritoneal mesothelioma is the name given to the cancer that attacks the lining of the abdomen. This type of cancer affects the lining that protects the contents of the abdomen and which also provides a lubricating fluid to enable the organs to move and work properly.

Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma is an extremely rare cancer. Only 100 to 500 cases are diagnosed in the US each year, making up less than 30% of all mesothelioma cases. According to the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database, these diagnoses are approximately 54.7 per cent male versus 45.3 per cent female, with the median age being 65-69. The latency period appears to be shorter for asbestos exposured individuals with symptoms appearing 20-30 years after exposure rather than the 30-40 year latency more commonly associated with pleural mesothelioma.

Like in the case of all types of mesothelioma, asbestos is considered to be the main cause for peritoneal mesothelioma. Asbestos can be fatal for the body and can also cause cancer along with other severe diseases.

Asbestos dust causes significant harm when it enters into the body. The dust may enter the body in two ways.

Firstly, it can enter the body through the lungs during breathing. In this case the dust travels through the lymph nodes and reaches the peritoneal cavity. Secondly, it can enter due to involuntary ingestion while working with asbestos.

It can also occur due to the passive inhalation of asbestos dust. This is called Tail Piece Passive exposure. The clothes of a worker who works amidst asbestos traps the dust between the layers of fabric. When these clothes are washed, or used by another person, the asbestos dust enter into that person's body.

Peritoneal mesothelioma has two clinical types which can be differentiated with the help of CT findings, the "dry" type and the "wet". It is classified as "dry" when there are multiple tiny masses or one dominant localized mass and generally little or no ascites. The "wet" type has widespread small nodules, no dominant mass and a presence of ascites.

If fluid is found, the process of eliminating it is through paracentesis; however the analysis of this fluid has limited diagnostic significance. Normally, a definitive diagnosis may be obtained through tissue biopsy.

As there is currently no staging system for peritoneal mesothelioma, the most popular system for general cancer staging (TNM system) is used. TNM system has the following criteria: (T) status of the tumor, (N) lymph nodes and (M) metastases. Other general categories may also be helpful in order to determine the stage.

Category 1 - with a localized lesion that can entirely be removed (resected)

Category 2 - the disease is located inside the abdominal cavity on peritoneal or organ surfaces where there is a probability of removing as much tumor as possible (debulking)

Category 3 - the disease is located inside the abdominal cavity and invades organs such as liver or colon.

Category 4 - the disease extends outside of the abdominal cavity

Mesothelioma doctors may suspect peritoneal mesothelioma if the patient complains of stomach, chest, or abdominal pain. Suspicious hernias may actually be a pleural effusion caused by peritoneal tumor growth. Misdiagnosis is common and patients will likely undergo multiple imaging scans and a diagnostic biopsy before an official diagnosis is made.

Diagnostic procedures in which fluid is extracted from the peritoneum for lab testing are the only way to conclusively diagnose peritoneal mesothelioma. Samples will be examined for the presence of malignant cells. Once malignant cells are detected, further testing will be needed to classify these cells as malignant mesothelioma.

Diagnosing peritoneal mesothelioma is very difficult, and cases of peritoneal mesothelioma misdiagnosed or undiagnosed are unfortunately not uncommon. It is important to share your case history of work experience (especially in shipyards and at construction sites) and asbestos exposure potential with your physicians if you feel mesothelioma is a risk. Asbestos fibres can also be carried into the home on clothing, inadvertently exposing the deadly fibres, and the risk of mesothelioma, to family members.

In addition to determine a diagnosis, many diagnostic test also help determine the stage the cancer is in, providing a better idea of a patient's prognosis. The chance of recovery depends on the size of the cancer, where the cancer is, how far the cancer has spread, how the cancer cells look under the microscope, how the cancer responds to treatment, and the patient's age. Peritoneal mesothelioma is usually diagnosed when it has had time to advance; as with most types of cancer, early diagnosis is an excellent first step in fighting the disease.

The treatment options available for the patient of peritoneal mesothelioma include:

1- Radiotherapy (using radiations to destroy cancer tumor)
2- Chemotherapy (injecting medicine directly to damaged part for instant and deep affect)
3- Surgery (removing affected parts completely)

In some cases radiotherapy is used to shrink the cancer tumor before surgery and then chemotherapy is applied to inject medicine directly into peritoneum after surgery. In this way combination of treatment options can be applied to destroy the cancer tumor and to stop the process of cancer cell proliferation.

Many patients, however, are not good candidates for surgery since mesothelioma has often spread too extensively or because the patient’s general health is too poor to cope with the stress of surgery. These patients may elect to participate in palliative treatment options that do not attempt to cure a patient, but work to relieve symptoms and improve the quality of life for peritoneal mesothelioma patients.

There are many treatments for mesothelioma but no single treatment is capable of curing the patient single handedly. Doctors therefore take a multimodality approach. It means that a combination of many treatments are used instead of a single treatment. There are several factors that determine the type of combination of treatments to be used, and it varies from case to case.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma : What everyone should know about this

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a cancer which arises from the mesothelial cells found within the pleural membranes that cover the lungs. This cancer is one of the rarest in the world. It only manifests in people who are constantly exposed to large amounts of asbestos dust.

Mesothelioma or cancer of the lung lining is different from lung cancer. This lining is called mesothelium and that is the reason why the condition is termed as Mesothelioma. The Mesothelioma life expectancy is much less than that of lung cancer.


The majority of malignant mesotheliomas occur in people who have been exposed to asbestos, either directly or via people they live with. Malignant mesothelioma is relatively uncommon compared to other tumours. Most of the three thousand such cases reported in the United States every year are malignant. Australia has the highest incidence of mesothelioma in the world, at 40 cases per million people. Other industrialised countries which have mined and used asbestos, have similar but slightly lower rates of disease.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma goes through four separate stages. Initially it is restricted to the pleura, the membrane in the thoracic cavity. Next the lymph nodes are affected. In the third stage there would be local spreading of the disease. Finally the cancer penetrates to other parts of the body. Often, death strikes within six to eighteen months of diagnosing the disease depending on the stage at which the problem was identified.

The symptoms of this cancer take a very long time before appearing. Sometimes, it will take as long as twenty to fifty years before you even realize that something is from. And by that time this happens, it will probably be too late for treatment. Depending on the location of the cancer, the outward symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include breathing and swallowing difficulty, loss of weight, constant coughing, chest congestion and pain, spitting blood, and fever. Detailed investigations reveal irregular thickening of pleura and fluid collection, reduced space between the lung lobes, and mineral deposits.

As you can see, most of these symptoms do not seem dangerous at first glance. But you should not ignore them. If your cough doesn’t go away and you can’t stop losing weight then you should have yourself checked by a doctor. Doctors can perform specific diagnostic exams using x-rays and ct scans to check whether or not you are suffering from.

What is mesothelioma ?

Mesothelioma is a real rare type of cancer that develop in the outer membrane of some internal organs of the human body.

It is a rare type of cancer that can attack some parts in the body and causing malignant tumors in those parts, the parts that can develop mesothelioma cancer can be parted into three parts, It develops in the outer membrane of the lungs which known as the pleura, and it also develop in the outer membrane of the internal organs in the abdominal cavity and may develop in the outer membrane of the heart which known as the pericardium.

Usually the cancer will mould the exterior protective lining of the lungs or along the chest cavity. In some cases it may form around the exterior of the heart.

Mesothelioma basically consists of three types : Pleural Mesothelioma (cancer of the mesothelium surrounding the lungs), Peritoneal Mesothelioma (cancer of the mesothelium surrounding the stomach), and Pericardial Mesothelioma (cancer of the mesothelium surrounding the heart).


The cause from this mesothelioma cancer is asbestos. Asbestos is a class of minerals appearing naturally in fibrous form. Asbestos found extensive usage in building material, insulation material, and many other uses due to its excellent properties of tensile strength, flexibility, and heat / corrosion / chemical resistance.


Literally millions of Americans were exposed to it. Asbestos insulation was a common form of its use up through the 1960s. Popcorn ceilings, very popular in the early 60’s as a way to give texture to a ceiling, also contained asbestos. Household products like oven mittens were and heating pads were in nearly every home and all contained asbestos.